STAGES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN: A HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

This article explores the historical and pedagogical evolution of environmental education in Uzbekistan, tracing its formation, institutionalization, and transformation across various social and political stages. Environmental education has undergone a significant conceptual shift—from moral and hygienic instruction during the pre-Soviet and early Soviet periods to a scientifically grounded and globally integrated discipline in modern times. The research identifies the main stages of development: the traditional ecological consciousness of the Uzbek people; the Soviet period marked by centralized ecological education within school curricula; the post-independence era emphasizing environmental protection in national education standards; and the contemporary digital phase integrating sustainability and innovation. By analyzing archival documents, legislative acts, and pedagogical literature, the study highlights the dynamic interaction between national traditions, socio-political reforms, and pedagogical modernization in shaping ecological awareness. The article concludes that the integration of historical experience with modern pedagogical approaches is essential for forming a sustainable ecological culture among youth and ensuring long-term environmental responsibility in education.